@play4laugh, excellent question
It is a variety of factors, I am sure you will get many replies and each person would have a slightly different answer.
Like others have mentioned, mag loading is a big limitation for some calibers, especially the "older" calibers like 308 and 270 compared to the hot new flavours such as 6.5 CM or 47.
In my experience, rifles with internal magazines are easier to reload for if seating to or close to the lands is important. Anything with a plastic magazine will be shorter. Some of the AI style magazines (Accurate mag for instance) have more internal capacity.
Some actions such as the Tikka T3 range are effectively all the same length, and use bolt stops for the shorter chamberings. So you could use a long action and load long short action cartridges, provided you overcome the feeding issues.
Then if you get into F-class shooting, it is generally single shot actions, with extremely long throats (to accommodate the loooong, high BC target projectiles) - so a different kettle of fish all together.
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