It depends on the individual rifle. You will get as much variation between the same rifle with the same length barrel than the difference an inch shorter barrel might give, till you start getting down to 16 inch barrels and less.
You measure a barrel from muzzle to the bolt face. Barrel measurement includes the chamber. (So yes - technically a the 22'inch barrel on a .270 is shorter than the same .22'barrel on a .308.)
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