Basic physics, every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
1.- Bullet pushed forwards, gun goes backwards.
2. - Fast gases forwards, gun goes backwards (think rocket). No. 1. is easy to understand, but the fact is that "gas has mass", and it escapes a gun at very high velocity!
3. - Fast gases enter a suppressor and are slowed, cooled (read: de-expanded) and released more slowly forwards, gun pushed more gently backwards. All suppressors lessen and soften recoil in this way.
4. - Fast gases are diverted sidewards, gun not pushed backwards or forwards(muzzle brake).
5. - Fast gases actually directed more rearwards, gun actually pushed forwards (rearward deflecting muzzle brake). [NB the effect of "1." still applies.]
Interesting case studies:
- With a flat crown barrel, a fair amount of the escaping gases exit at 90degrees and so do not contribute to recoil.
- Lee Enfield no 5 Jungle carbine, has a rocket nozzle shaped flash hider / muzzle shroud and so even naturally sidewards escaping gases get directed forwards... and thus much greater recoil is felt than when the flash hider is not attached. Not ideal for a very light rifle, but again, in addition to being an effective flash hider it also directs much of the blast away from shooters' ears.
Hope that is helpful.
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